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Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) influence cellular energy metabolism by regulating fatty acid kinetics. They also play a vital role in neuronal apoptosis following cerebral infarction. Resveratrol (RSV) has demonstrated neuroprotective effects in ischemic stroke; however, its regulatory impact on FABPs and associated pathways requires further investigation. This study aimed to explore the potential mechanisms by which RSV protects ischemic stroke neurons by regulating fatty acid metabolism. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed significant enrichment of FABP5 in fatty acid metabolism-related pathways in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Modulating FABP5 expression level may influence post-infarction neuronal recovery. Molecular docking experiments demonstrated that RSV exhibited strong binding affinity with FABP5. In the MCAO-group of rats, administering different doses of RSV led to a significant decrease in cerebral infarct area and improved neurological function with increased RSV doses. Concurrently, the expression of FABP5 and neuron-specific enolase in brain tissue decreased, whereas the expression of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor increased and neuronal morphology improved. Further experiments using FABP5 overexpression and inhibition models revealed that FABP5 overexpression exacerbated neuronal apoptosis and suppressed the expression of adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) protein, whereas FABP5 inhibition reduced neuronal apoptosis and enhanced AMPK protein expression. RSV downregulates FABP5 expression in cerebral infarction tissues and potentially mediates the AMPK-related pathways to ameliorate neuronal apoptosis.